Read ch's 3 & 4 in the book Creating Graphics for learning and Essay

Read ch's 3 & 4 in the book Creating Graphics for learning and Performance and answer the focus questions, do the web activity, - Essay Example Extraneous cognitive load refers to the extra load presented in the form of input which is irrelevant to the topic primarily being addressed in the learning process. Germane cognitive load is one which facilitates the learning by association or sequencing the sensory inputs into meaningful units for the learner. Why should designers focus on working memory? Designers should focus on the working memory because it is that part of the memory where the information is held for a few seconds and organized into rational structures, which if reinforced with germane cognition can lead to a permanent impression in the long term memory, the latter being permanent in nature (Atkinson & Shiffrin, 1968). Working memory cannot hold more than 4-7 units during an interval of time and the visual artist should be able to identify the best visual and auditory inputs, structured into chunks, to have the maximum cognitive effect. Moreover, it is the working memory faction of human cognition where the info rmation processing takes place. The auditory and the visual channels also act in cohesion at this juncture for maximum impact (Pavio, 1990). Moreover, the episodic buffer is also created in the working memory area where the integration of visual and auditory inputs takes place (Baddeley, 2000). What is the relationship between selection, organization, and integration and figure-ground, hierarchy, and closure? The information processing theory suggests that the sensory input is processed selectively in the working memory where it gets organized into rational cues which interact with previous individual impressions’ and memory to form a cognitive pattern which may or may not be taken up by the long term memory. Selection, therefore involves filtration of the received sensory inputs in order to unburden the brain from information load. The subject involuntarily even selects the information which he or she is not at all aware about previously and this should be the focus of conce ntration for a creative visual designer. The intended informational input should therefore be structured in a manner so that it is aimed at the normal grasping or perceiving capability of the human brain. Organization of the provided inputs takes place according to the preexistent knowledge and the ability of the learner to grasp the meaning of the visual and auditory inputs into meaningful patterns which can be sustained for a long term impact. Integration of the provided visual and auditory inputs takes place in the working memory where they act upon simultaneously. Verbal and visual inputs when provided together are better integrated than when provided following each other. The figure ground principle suggests that the human mind is structured to perceive and separate the figure elements from the ground elements i.e. particular shapes elicit particular responses without going into the details of the object. Hierarchical organization of information takes place according to categor ization of information into layers according to the degree of importance placed on them. When sensory inputs are organized into a perceptible pattern, the whole information is more than the sum of its parts as suggested by the gestalt theory. In that case, a person with past experience can visualize the ‘whole’

Drug Trafficking in the United States Research Paper

Drug Trafficking in the United States - Research Paper Example The National Drug Threat Assessment 2011 Report also indicated that Mexican cartels remained the author threat as far as drug trafficking and distribution is concerned, and they are found operating in every region, city, and suburban area of the country. These cartels do not only operate in the streets, but they have also upped their game inside schools, colleges, offices, and U.S prisons. Just like drug-related violence, disorderliness, and crimes, which are on the increase, there have been greater levels of heroin, marijuana and methamphetamine trafficking and use across the U.S/Mexico border (Longmire, 2011). This paper explores drug trafficking in the United States discussing the drug cartels, their countries of origin, their entry routes, distributors, and target markets. The United States’ drug market is perhaps the most profitable and lucrative in the world. That is the reason why it attracts the most belligerent, callous, and intricate traffickers, distributors, and dealers. Dealing with these ruthless traffickers is, thus, one among the many challenges that the U.S government, through its various drug law enforcement agencies such as the DEA, faces. The sophistication and the aggression with which these ruthless drug traffickers execute their operations and evade law enforcers, thus, hinder the efforts of the U.S drug agencies aimed at reducing drug trafficking into and within the U.S, more so border protection operations. The large volumes of people and cargo that enter the United States through commercial and private flights, express cargo carriers, vehicles, and passenger ships pose serious impediments to the war against drug trafficking into and within the United States (Cratty, 2010). It is through these movements into the U.S that sh ipments of drugs such as methamphetamine, marijuana, MDMA.