Leadership of Collin Powell Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Authority of Collin Powell - Essay Example From this investigation obviously  the supervisory crew need to settle on touchy choices that impactsly affect the business. In the contemporary business condition, dynamic is encircled by the complexities of the business advertise making it important for the supervisory group to utilize basic deduction abilities to conquer business challenges. Hence, there are various administration aptitudes that pioneers today can gain from the life of Powell. Powell began his vocation as a military not long after joining the Reserve Officers Training Corps (ROTP) while still in school instruction. Powell discovered this as the best choice he made as being in the military was his obsession as well as something that he was acceptable at. In his preparation, Powell depicted solid initiative abilities even before his graduation. While in the drill group, he figured out how to win a penetrating rivalry and the general granted him with a pen set. At the point when he finished his preparation, he was given an authority position as an Army second Lieutenant, and it didn't take some time before he was granted the situation of a detachment head. In this position, Powell should manage his troop in the midst of war. A sharp gander at the administration of Powell, he was a pioneer motivated right from his youth. He calls attention to the achievement of an individual lies in their capacity to discover they love to do and what they quite great at. For one to be a successful pioneer, they ought to be in the line of their energy and ought to endeavor to work here. Contemporary administration pioneers ought to have a motivation for greatness as they seek after these situations in the board, and this is an enthusiasm that they need to sustain directly from their initial profession life. In the military, began a low tone in the midst of difficulties and endeavored to accomplish be the best among his troop.â

Religion Judaism or Judaisms Essay Example For Students

Religion: Judaism or Judaisms? Paper Religion: Judaism or Judaisms?It has been contended that Judaism can be considered not to be as a solitary religion, butas a gathering of comparable religions. It has likewise been brought up that through allthe hardships that Judaism has endured, that there havebeen regular topics that have demonstrated omni-unavoidable. Any foundation with rootsas old and shifted as the religion of the Jews will undoubtedly have a fewvariations, particularly when a large portion of its history happens in the political andtheological problem area of the Middle East. In this conversation, numerous aspects of Judaism will be analyzed, basically in thethree worldly regions named the Tribal/Pre-Monarchy Period, theDivided Monarchy, and the Hasmonean/Maccabean and Roman Era. Among all thetime periods where the religion has been part, these three appear to be the mostrepresentative of the powers dependable. Concerning an ongoing theme seen all through all Judiasms, the region of center here isthe place related with the religion : Jerusalem. This point will be coveredin detail first, and afterward the different Judaism contentions will be introduced. Inthis way, it is conceivable to remember a typical center when finding out about allthe different circumstances in which the religion has gotten itself. A brief conclusionfollows the conversation. A Place to Call HomeNo other religion has ever been so appended to its origin as Judaism. Maybe this is on the grounds that Jews have been banished and confined from this spot formost of their history. Jerusalem isn't just home to Judaism, yet to the Muslimand Christian religions also. Truly this has made it truly a busyplace for the different gatherings. Jerusalem is the place the sanctuary of the Jews once stood; the main spot on thewhole Earth where one could leave the limits of everyday life and get closerto God. In 586 BCE when the sanctuary was devastated, no Jew would have deniedJerusalem just like the geographic focus of the religion. Starting there on,the Jewish individuals have relocated far and wide, yet not one of them forgetsthe truth that Jerusalem is the place everything started. It is genuinely a hallowed spot, andhelps to characterize what Judaism intends to numerous individuals; an ongoing idea to runthrough all the different splinters of the religion and help hold them together. Indeed, even today, as the Jewish individuals have their valuable Jerusalem back (through thehelp of different countries and their governmental issues) there is incredible clash and emotionsurrounding it. Different countries and individuals in the territory feel that they ought to bein control of the famous city, and the Jews deny intensely any endeavor towrestle it from their occupation. The facts demonstrate that there is no sanctuary inJeruslaem today, nor are generally the Jews on the planet racing to get back there. Yet, it is obvious that the city speaks to additional to the religion of Judaism thana negligible spot to live and work. The city of Jerusalem is an otherworldly epicenter,and all through Judaisms long and fluctuated history, this single truth has neverchanged. Ancestral/Pre-MonarchyJudaisms establishes lie far back in the beginnings of written history. Thereligion didn't spring into reality precisely as today is known, rather itwas pushed and goaded by different ecological factors en route. One ofthe first significant impacts on the religion was the Canaanite country. Varioustheories exist with regards to how and when the individuals that would later be called Jewsentered into this development. Yet, paying little mind to how they at last got there,these pioneers of the new confidence were exposed to huge numbers of the thoughts andprejudices of the time. Any new society that winds up in a current socialsituation, can do close to attempt to incorporate into that system. Andthis is actually what the Jews did. Universal Business EssayHasmonean/Maccabean and Roman EraThis timespan in Jewish history is politically wild, prompting highlevels of parts and varieties in the religion itself. One of the mostdisruptive kinds of all wars is a common war. Furthermore, this is actually what happens atthe start in the Jewish country of Jerusalem. The Jewish common war wasagainst the extraordinary Hellenizers (individuals who inclined toward absolute explanation in theirbeliefs) and the moderate Hellenizers (individuals who can see things normally, butbelieve there are a greater number of things to consider than this ex. the Maccabean family,who turned into the Hasmonean lords). So immediately, it is clear that the ideasthat the Greeks brought into Jewish culture have gone about as time-bombs ofsocial images, and have made a significant part in the religion. At the point when the viciousness of the war has died down, the moderate Hellenizers have won (everything with some restraint!) and rule for a brief timeframe, until the Roman empireattacks and tosses significantly more crimps into the Jewish society. At the point when the Romanstake over, the Hasmonean lords are left set up as manikin rulers, whichultimately powers everyone to scrutinize their overseeing body. At the point when the Romans pulverize the sanctuary in Jerusalem, it is made horrendously clear thatsome changes will be made. Generally self-evident, the clerics out of nowhere have nomajor job in the religion. Their basic role had been to tend to thesacrificing of creatures, and since it is illicit to forfeit a creature outsidethe sanctuary, the clerics were in a disrupting position. As can be seen in incalculable different models, legislative issues and religion are invariablytied, and individuals started rehearsing their own kinds of Judaism after theircivilization had been so profoundly changed. Now ever, there isreally no strong principle to forestall such parts, and for a period a blended structure ofJudaism with numerous assortments thrives. Nobody was certain what to do once the core of Judaism (the sanctuary) had beendestroyed, yet it before long became clear that an engaging choice was emerging. Two significant social gatherings of the timespan were competing for power. The firstgroup, the Saducees were related with the dislodged Hasmonean lords. Thesecond gathering, the Pharisees, had a thought that would help work around the tragicdestruction of the sanctuary. Individuals were part, by and by. They could remain withthe conventional Saducees (who had the political force, put stock in just writtenTorah, and didn't buy in to revival essentially a traditionalist view),or they could agree with the newcomers, the Pharisees (who had strict power,believed in both the composed and the oral Torah, and had confidence in resurrection)and want to safeguard their Jewish legacy by adoring outside of the temple,in their regular daily existence. It was anything but a hard choice, and the Pharisees in the end picked up power, leadingthe Jewish religion into its next period of Rabbinic Judaism. It is obvious that in every one of the three timeframes talked about over that manyfactions of a similar religion were dynamic. Contending methods of reasoning, outsidepolitical powers, and geographic disengagement are among the most clear of thedividing powers. Anyway numerous different impacts pound every single day on agiven social establishment, quietly framing it and transforming it into something itwas not. Hence, the response to the discussion whether Judaism is a single,or various religion(s) is an undeniable one, contingent on how you decide to lookat it. Each religion has numerous pieces, however as long as there are a couple constants(such as the origination, the language, writing, and so forth) it is conceivable to viewthe entire as a solitary power, and still recognize different religionsReligion

8 Basic Psychology Facts You Should Know

8 Basic Psychology Facts You Should Know August 14, 2019 Hero Images/Getty Images More in Psychology Basics Psychotherapy Student Resources History and Biographies Theories Phobias Emotions Sleep and Dreaming Psychology is a source of fascination for many people, and for good reason. By learning more about the basics of the human mind and behavior, people are able to gain a greater understanding of themselves and others. Psychologists also play a vital role in the health care system by helping individuals experiencing mental health issues, performing psychotherapy, investigating different treatment options, and teaching patients how to manage their symptoms effectively. For some people, an interest in psychology is fueled by a desire to pursue a career in the field. Others may simply want to learn more out of curiosity or because they are thinking about consulting a psychologist for help with a health concern. No matter what the reason, building a better understanding of topics such as emotion, motivation, cognition, love, communication, and research methods will serve you well in many different areas of life. Psychology may seem like a vast and daunting topic at first, but understanding a few basic facts can make it easier to get started. The following are just a few of the important things you need to know about this fascinating subject. Once you have a strong understanding of the basics, you will be better prepared to explore different ways that psychology may help improve your everyday life, health, and well-being. Psychology Is the Study of the Mind and Behavior First, lets start by addressing exactly what psychology involves. Psychology can be defined as the study of mental processes and behavior. The term psychology comes from the Greek word psyche meaning breath, spirit, soul and the word logia meaning study of. Psychology has not always existed as it has today. In fact, it is considered a relatively young discipline, although as one eminent psychologist explained, it has a short past but a long history. Psychology emerged from biology and philosophy and is closely linked to other disciplines including sociology, medicine, linguistics, and anthropology. While psychology may be a young subject in the grand scheme of things, it has grown to play a tremendous role in the world today. Psychologists are employed in hospitals, mental health clinics, schools, colleges and universities, government agencies, private businesses, and private practice and perform a wide variety of tasks and roles ranging from treating mental illness to influencing public health policy. Psychology Relies on Scientific Methods One of the most common myths about psychology is that it is just common sense. The problem with this is that psychological research has helped demonstrate that many of the things that we believe are just common sense are actually not true at all. After all, if common sense were as common as people say it is, then people wouldn’t engage in behaviors that they know are bad for them like smoking or eating junk food. By challenging some of our misconceptions about how and why people behave as they do, psychologists are able to provide answers that help solve real-world problems. Unlike common sense, psychology relies on scientific methods to investigate questions and arrive at conclusions. It is through using empirical methods that researchers are able to discover relationships between different variables. Psychologists use a range of techniques to study the human mind and behavior, including naturalistic observation, experiments, case studies, and questionnaires.?? Psychologists Tackle Problems From Multiple Perspectives Topics and questions in psychology can be looked at in a number of different ways. Lets take the topic of violence as an example. Some psychologists may look at how biological influences contribute to violence, while other psychologists might look at how factors such as culture, family relationships, social pressure, and situational variables influence violence. Some of the major perspectives in psychology?? include the: Biological perspectiveCognitive perspectiveBehavioral perspectiveEvolutionary perspectiveHumanistic perspective Each perspective helps contribute a new level of understanding to a topic. Imagine, for example, that psychologists are trying to understand the different factors that contribute to bullying. Some researchers might take a biological perspective and look at how genetics and the brain contribute to this type of behavior. Another psychologist might take a behavioral perspective and look at the different ways that bullying behaviors are reinforced by the environment. Other researchers might take a social perspective and analyze the impact that group pressure might have on bullying behaviors. No single perspective is right. Each contributes to how we understand a topic and allows researchers to analyze the myriad influences that contribute to certain actions and come up with multi-faceted solutions to combat problematic actions and encourage better outcomes and healthier behaviors. Psychology Subfields Treat Different Problems In addition to many different perspectives, there are many branches of psychology. Psychologists often opt to specialize in a particular area. The type of psychologist that you need may depend upon the type of problem you are facing. Some of the biggest subfields within psychology are clinical psychology, personality psychology, cognitive psychology, developmental psychology, and social psychology.?? If you are experiencing emotional or psychological symptoms, you might need to refer to a clinical or counseling psychologist. If you have a question about whether your child is developing normally, then you might want to ask a developmental psychologist. Some psychologists work in the field of mental health to treat patients experiencing psychiatric disorders and psychological distress. Subfields such as clinical, counseling, and health psychology are focused on helping people with mental and physical health issues. Other psychologists work in applied subfields, such as forensic psychology and industrial-organizational psychology, to solve real-world problems. Still other psychologists focus their work on research to contribute to our understanding of the human mind and behavior. Such psychologists may specialize in a particular area such as development, social behavior, cognition, or personality. Psychology Is About More Than Mental Health When you think of psychology, do you envision a therapist jotting down notes as a client recounts childhood experiences? While therapy is certainly a big part of psychology, it is not the only thing that psychologists do. In fact, many psychologists dont work in the field of mental health at all. Psychology encompasses other areas including teaching, research, and consulting. Psychologists work in a wide variety of settings, including: Colleges and universitiesPrivate corporationsK-12 SchoolsHospitalsGovernment offices Mental health is certainly a major area of interest in psychology, but psychologists also do things such as help athletes hone their motivation and mental focus, help design products that are safe and useful and help businesses understand how to influence consumers. Psychology Is All Around You Psychology is not just an academic subject that exists only in classrooms, research labs, and mental health offices. The principles of psychology can be seen all around you in everyday situations. The television commercials and print ads you see every day rely on psychology to develop marketing messages that influence and persuade people to purchase the advertised products. The websites you visit on a regular basis utilize psychology to understand how people read, use, and interpret online information. Psychology can also play a role in improving your health and well-being. For example, understanding some of the basic principles of behavioral psychology might come in handy if you are trying to break a bad habit and establish new routines. Knowing more about some of the things that motivate behavior can be useful if you are trying to stick to a weight loss plan or exercise regimen. Overcoming phobias, managing stress, improving communication skills, and making better decisions are just a few of the things with which psychology can help. If You Have a Problem, Theres Probably a Psychologist Who Can Help There are many different types of psychologists; each one focused on solving different types of problems in the world. For example, if your child is experiencing problems at school, you might seek advice from a school psychologist who specializes in helping kids deal with academic, social, emotional, and other issues. If you are concerned about an elderly parent or grandparent, you might want to consult with a developmental psychologist who is specially trained and knowledgeable in issues related to the aging process. In order to determine which professional is right for your needs, it helps to understand some of the different training and licensing requirements for different specialty areas. If you are trying to select a psychotherapist, it may also be helpful to learn more about which professionals are able to provide therapy services. If you are thinking about majoring in psychology, then you should be pleased to discover that there are many career paths to choose from. Different career options depend largely on your educational level and work experience, so it is important to research the required training and licensing requirements of your chosen specialty area. Just a few of the possible career options include clinical psychology, forensic psychology, health psychology, and industrial-organizational psychology. Psychologists Focus On Making Human Lives Better Among the major goals of psychology are to describe, explain, predict, and improve human behavior. Some psychologists accomplish this by contributing to our basic understanding of how people think, feel, and behave. Other psychologists work in applied settings to solve real-world problems that have an impact on everyday life. And finally, many psychologists devote their lives to helping people who are struggling with psychological issues. You may find these professionals working in hospitals, mental health clinics, private practices, and other settings to diagnose psychological disorders and provide psychotherapy to people from all walks of life.?? While the work of psychologists may be highly varied, they all share one overriding goal: to help people live better lives. A Word From Verywell As you can see, psychology is a rich and fascinating subject that has practical applications in many areas of life. If you have ever wanted to learn more about why people think and act the way they do, then studying psychology is a great way to gain greater insight into the human experience. Psychology has a powerful impact on the world today, which is why it is so important to understand the role that this discipline plays in areas including academics, research, and mental health. Our daily lives are deeply impacted by the interaction of our biology, our relationships, and our mental processes. Psychologists are skilled at understanding the role these factors play in influencing health, happiness, and overall well-being. By learning more about the basics of psychology, you can gain a richer understanding of the many ways that this subject can affect your own life.

Definition Of A Business Process - 1217 Words

Introduction In order to achieve their goals, processes are used in accomplished organizations to complete the work needed. Organizations that adopt the process view can be very successful if used appropriately. The next few pages will define a business process, and explain the advantages of adopting this kind of organizational view. Definition of a business process: A business process is an action or a set of actions completed in a particular order that will complete a given organizational task. In most cases, these tasks, accomplish their goal by delivering products or services to a customer. Throughout the process, a number of participants are involved, such as passive or active. Process participants, which are produced, consumed, or changed, are considered to be passive. For example, computer assembly, software development, reorganizing departments, or treating patients in the hospital. On the other hand, processes geared towards the passive participants, such as workers, machines, etc., are said to be active participants (www.appian.com, n.d.). A business process can be compared to a road map, which helps an organization navigate through their business activities. They help them understand where they currently stand, where they need to get to, where they came from, and how they ended up where they are. They can guide an organization along their path, pinpointing any hazards along the way. Depending on the focus of the observer, there are four different views aShow MoreRelatedIn 1989, Howard Dresner Decided To ProposeBusiness Intelligence1177 Words   |  5 PagesIn 1989, Howard Dresner decided to propose business intelligence as a blanket term to describe the concepts and methods used to improve all business decision making by using different fact-based support systems. However, it was not until in the late 1990s that this usage became widespread. Critics often see BI as evolved from mere reporting of business added together with the advent of powerful and easy-to-use tools for data analysis. In this respect, it has often been criticized as a marketingRead MoreConcept Of Enterprise Architect ( Ea ), Strategic Information System And It Management1369 Words   |  6 PagesWith a belief that fusion between IT and business can be achieved through the introduction of IT governance and the productivity paradox problem is solved by a well established IT governance with efficient IT management. However, the success rate is based on the adequateness of the governance and how well it suits that specific organization’s internal and external environments. Despite being quite a new discipline, IT governance has numbers of structure, process, framework (Webb et al., 2006). MoreoverRead MoreEssay about Marketing Definition953 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction In this paper I will define marketing in my own words and also research what the definition is using two different sources. While supporting my answers with three examples from the business world, I will show the importance of marketing. Marketing applies to many different areas of an organization and after close review I will make it clear on how it relates. Personal Definition Marketing is how a company or organization promotes the service or product the company uses to createRead MoreExternal and Customer Analysis1353 Words   |  6 PagesGlossary Action Item Definition: A unit within an action plan. Each action item should include the following: Person responsible Measure of success Due date Action Plan Definition: A set of tasks assigned to an individual or team that lists targets for each task as well as due dates, responsible persons, and measures for success. 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The importance of organizational development in light of SWOT analysis and strategicRead MoreFactors That Can Promote or Hinder Enterpreneurship1492 Words   |  6 PagesLIST AND EXPLAIN FACTORS THAT CAN PROMOTE OR HINDER ENTREPRENEURSHIP. Entrepreneur: An entrepreneur is a person who starts an enterprise. He searches for change and responds to it. A number of definitions have been given of an entrepreneur- The economists view him as a fourth factor of production along with land labour and capital. To put it very simply an entrepreneur is someone who perceives opportunity, organizes resources needed for exploiting that opportunity and exploits it. Computers, mobileRead More marketing Essay1061 Words   |  5 Pages Online Marketing Definition Online marketing has many different definitions. However, the most straight forward is â€Å"Any positive communication between distributor and purchaser through the digital area (Internet, forums, chat, e-mail, the web, etc.) Which provides for the exchange of requested or necessary information directed to a potential customer’s purchase and a continuing and profitable customer/seller relationship.† (Forester, 1999, p.3) This definition gives the main idea of why many businessesRead MoreData Governance Of Master Data Management1282 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Organizations are required to adapt to their business models. Global presence requires a harmonized business process across different continents where the customers ask for individualized products, and service offerings must be industrialized. All these factors affect the business process architecture and the IT strategy of the organizations. 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The illiteracy of the American population in the 1930s through To Kill a Mockingbird - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 716 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2019/02/20 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: To Kill a Mockingbird Essay Did you like this example? In 2018, the US ranks 14th worldwide in overall education performance (www.masterandmore.com). This is a significant improvement from where we stood back in the early 1900s, particularly in the south. In the 1930s, 3.8% of white Americans, and 19.7% of black Americans from the south could not read or write in any language (NBER.org). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The illiteracy of the American population in the 1930s through To Kill a Mockingbird" essay for you Create order Harper Lee elucidates the illiteracy of the American population in the 1930s through her famous book, To Kill a Mockingbird. Throughout this story, Lee highlights illiteracy in small town Maycomb, Alabama, and its wide-reaching effect on the attitudes and relationships in the community. Early on in the story, it is apparent that education in the town of Maycomb is not held in high regard. If anything it is viewed as unimportant, and actions are taken only because they have to be, not because people believe in them. For one thing, the school board does nothing to keep the Ewells educated whatsoever. â€Å"He’s one of the Ewells, ma’am, Whole school’s full of ‘em. They come first day every year and then leave. The truant lady gets ’em here ‘cause she threatens ’em with the sheriff, but she’s give up tryin’ to hold ‘em. She reckons she’s carried out the law just gettin‘ their names on the roll and runninâ⠂¬â„¢ ‘em here the first day.† (Lee, p. 36). Lee illustrates the town’s viewpoint on education in this scene by showing how the school board does not even try to give the Ewell children an education; instead, they do just enough to get by the law. Furthermore, when Miss Caroline finds out that Jean Louise Finch, who goes by Scout, is already literate, she scolds her, letting her know that her father should not teach her. Miss Caroline wants her students to learn, but she falters when they think for themselves. So while Scout loves to learn, school turned out to be a big disappointment for her. Lee used numerous examples in the book to show how education was not a priority. For instance, Bob Ewell is called as a witness of a court case later in the book. When asked if he was ambidextrous, he responded with â€Å"I most positively am not, I can use one hand good as the other.† His lack of education, and that of the entire Ewell family, is evident throughout the book and is a primary reason for the family being viewe d as the lowliest white family in the town. Although Lee sets the tone for Maycomb’s education as not being important, Lee also describes the education system as bias. It is already clear how racist the town is, but a large reason for this is the education. Maycomb has a social hierarchy where the white men are on top. If the schools teach the same thing repeatedly for years then the future generations will be the same way. However, Scout and Jem see things differently because of Atticus. Atticus said, â€Å"You never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of view until you climb into his skin and walk around in it.† (Lee, p. 39). Atticus has always believed in equality and that is why he defended Tom Robinson, though most of the people in the book do not feel the same way. There was even one time on the playground at the school where â€Å"Cecil Jacobs announced that Scout Finch’s daddy defended negros.† (Lee, p. 99). Even most of the children feel this way because that is how they are being raised, and they do not have anyone in their lives like Atticus to teach them differently. Therefore, there is another racist generation on the rise in Maycomb. Furthermore, Bob Ewell (though not educated), is teaching his children the ways of which he is living currently, and there is a very good chance that they would grow up and be just like their malevolent father. To summarize, the author draws very clear conclusions about the literacy of the 1930s. Lee writes in her book To Kill a Mockingbird, of the illiteracy of the town Maycomb Alabama, and reflects upon all of the southern United States. Through her story, Harper Lee reflects the attitudes and relationships of the people from Maycomb, Alabama, and illustrates how important literacy truly is.

Digital Supply Chain Managment Free Essays

string(209) " enormous growth of the mobile market, a highly fragmented market expertise, and the asset costs to build and maintain a digital supply chain, and it’s clear the model is transforming traditional practices\." | CLICK AND MORTAR TO PURE PLAY| HOW APPLE AND DISNEY ARE MAKING THE MOST OF THEIR DIGITAL SUPPLY CHAINS A Management Information Systems Project Assignment: Select two organizations in the same industry and study their SCM. Prepare a report on how the companies are managing their customers and suppliers. Make some recommendations as to how they can improve their efficiency. We will write a custom essay sample on Digital Supply Chain Managment or any similar topic only for you Order Now Submitted to: Sir Waqas Saeed Submitted by: Muhammad Babar Suleman Hassan Irshad Atif Murtaza Arslan Sadiq Arslan Zafar Ran Amjid Mehmood Ehtisham-ur-Rasool 01. INTRODUCTION 1. 1 AMR SUPPLY CHAIN TOP 25: STRONG SHOWINGS BY APPLE AND WALT DISNEY Apple stays on top with an unbeatable combination of killer financials and stellar opinion scores. AMR Research The AMR Research institute recently published its list of the companies boasting the best Supply Chain Management procedures (see Appendix 01). Two of the top 25 players represented a radical departure from the traditional Supply Chains. Apple tops the list with a supply chain which is as much a revolution for traditional supply chains as it is a negation of almost everything the supply chains have previously been characterized by. For one, Apple’s supply chain for its online store iTunes is completely digital in nature. It is the apex and materialization of what Management Information Systems and Information Technology Disney combines demand-driven advancements had hinted at. Another company in the top 25, the entertainment giant Walt Disney combines a digital supply chain with a streamlined traditional one with spectacular results. replenishment with new collaborative models for pure content distribution. AMR Research As lines between companies’ offers of physical and digital products become blurred, Apple and Disney are the forerunners of what will be the future of supply chains: The Digital Supply Chain. Additionally, both the companies’ supply chain models are based on the â€Å"demand driven excellence† model which is the modern solution to meeting the needs of the global market. 1. 2 GROWING IMPORTANCE OF CONTENT AND INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY The reason why the supply chains of Apple and Disney were able to rank so high is because both the companies were able to recognize the immense significance of digital content and Intellectual Property in the modern era. The music industry has by far experienced the most significant effects (positive AND negative) of digitization of music (in the form of mp3s and other digital formats). However where piracy quickly became the biggest challenge for the industry, sales of digital music have exploded over the past couple of years, thanks to Apple’s ubiquitous online store iTunes. iTunes started with 99 cents per song- now it’s a thriving market leader that encompasses music, movies, TV shows, apps, eBooks, podcasts and so much more. Disney benefits from â€Å"the best of both worlds† (as the title character of its popular Hannah Montana TV show would say) by combining a digital supply chain with its traditional practices such as that of supplying stores such as Blockbuster and Netflix with DVDs of its movies and TV shows. 2. THE DIGITAL SUPPLY CHAIN 2. 1 WHAT IS THE DIGITAL SUPPLY CHAIN? At the core of Apple and Disney’s fantastic success is the digital supply chain. The question arises as to what the digital supply chain is and how it differs from traditional supply chains. Before getting into the specifics, it is important to define the di gital supply chain. According to Wikipedia: â€Å"Digital supply chain is a new media term that encompasses the process of the delivery of digital media, be it music or video, by electronic means from the point of origin (content provider) to destination (consumer). Similar to how a physical medium must go through a supply chain process in order to mature into a consumable product, digital media must pass through various stages in processing to get to a point where the consumer can enjoy the music or video on a computer or television set. † All supply chains work within the same framework- the delivery of product from its origin to the hands of the end-user, while being worked on in every step on the way. Broadly, the digital supply chain involves the process of transferring digital content (music/video) from the content provider to the end consumer online and in a suitable format. The digital supply chain is different in four major ways: 1) 2) 3) 4) It exists solely online and for digital items. It is highly compressed and shorter. It has lower attached costs. It has an unbeatable inventory turnover rate. Recognizing the market forces and new technologies that are reshaping the industry, Capgemini has introduced its practice of digital supply chain, the content value chain: Capgemini is not the only company that has invested in digital supply chain solutions. HewlettPackard (HP) offers Digital Entertainment Services- solutions for digital supply chain needs of companies. The reason why the digital supply chain works is because of the immense increase that digital content has seen in its adoption. The results of a recent IBM digital consumer survey show a high trend towards digital content in every leading economy. Online access to digital content is most common in: Media and Entertainment (Music, Movies, Games, eBooks etc). E-learning Software Given the evolution in media, technology and the marketing scenario, the supply chain to manage this evolution requires a new set of complexities and metrics. Warehouses are being replaced with data centers, boxes replaced by bits, and trucks replaced by bandwidth. And it may very well be an easier supply chain to manage, with no inventory carrying costs, purchase orders, supplier scorecards, MRP, trucks, excess and obsolete, or quality issues, but it will take a new way of thinking. Long gone is the plan, buy, and make functions supply chains have been built on. Within the digital supply chain, you receive one item into inventory and sell it a million times over without restocking. Vendors can be paid for each digital asset sold, without having to stock inventory that may never move. Combine the enormous growth of the mobile market, a highly fragmented market expertise, and the asset costs to build and maintain a digital supply chain, and it’s clear the model is transforming traditional practices. You read "Digital Supply Chain Managment" in category "Papers" So far, digital supply chains have been controlled by the innovators. But with the amount of digital content increasing dramatically and the Internet providing a point-to-point access for customers, the following will become increasingly important: Innovation—This goes for product and supply chain delivery methods. Time to market—Since digital products can be made once and sold many times, speed of collaboration between design and delivery will be a major measure of success Customer service—This includes quality of the transaction and product, speed of activations, and ease of refunds. 2. 2 THE DIGITAL SUPPLY CHAIN PROCESS The digital supply chain involves three players: Content Provider (Task: Encoding and Ingesting) Content Processor (Task: Vaulting and Processing and Transformation) Digital/Physical Retailer (Task: Packaging and Distribution) Intermediate components include processes like Quality Control, Digital Asset Management, Metadata entry, Digital Rights Management and the Content Delivery Network. †¢Media is converted from source to file. Vaulting †¢File based media mezzanines are stored and backed up. †¢Content is processed and transferred according to consumer needs. Packaging and Distribution †¢Media files are packaged and delivered to customers over the network. Encoding and Ingesting Processing and Transformation Apple and Disney both have a high degree of streamlining at every step of the process. The main functions of a digital supply chain are as follows: True on-demand product availability Ease of use and speed for content search and activation Pricing and subscriptions Quality management built on licensing and refunds One thing to remember is that there is no ONE digital supply chain. It’s as dynamic as it is flexible as you can see from the table below: Different media types Different business models Different technologies Different maturity of markets Different distribution models Audio / Video / Software / Games / Books Electronic sell through / subscriptions / free content Devices / offline vs. nline usage / formats / DRM Established structures vs. new models Direct-to-consumer / Aggregation 2. 3 COMPARISON WITH TRADITIONAL SUPPLY CHAINS The following table compares the digital supply chain with the traditional structure on the basis of some key processes associated with SCM. Value Addition Because of the inherent structure, each step of the digital supply chain has a higher percentage of contribution to the value delivered. As mentioned earlier, computer storages have taken the place of physical warehouses. The digital supply chain is at a high risk of security issues because of problems relating to piracy, hacking, viruses and data mishandling. Virtually, self-replenishing and never runs short! Because of superior communication, time costs are reduced. Disney is a good example of how on-demand product availability made possible by digital supply chains Increasing Download Speeds, Content Quality, Speed of Activation and Ease of Refunds are some of the benefits offered by the digital supply chain that give it an edge over the traditional supply chains when it comes to Customer Service. Physical Storage Security Stocking Time to Market On-demand product availability Customer Service 03. DEMAND DRIVEN EXCELLENCE The â€Å"Demand Driven Excellence† model has three overlapping areas of corporate responsibility: Supply Management (Manufacturing, logistics and sourcing) Demand Management (Marketing, sales and service) Product Management (RD, engineering and product development) Basically, Apple and Disney’s strength is that they don’t treat their supply chain as an isolated business process. It is a crucial part of what makes the entire thing work and in order for its maximum efficiency, management of demand and products is essential simultaneously. Only thus, the supply chain is able to give such top-notch results. With visibility, communication and reliable processes all these three functional units can be made to work together for optimum performance. When these overlapping areas work together, thanks to compatible and efficient business processes, businesses are able to respond directly, quickly and efficiently to opportunities arising from demands from the market or the customers. Because all the three areas are able to rise up to any occasion of business opportunity and the tasks keep shifting back and forth among the units as required, in a hybrid, dynamic web of solution formation, Apple and Disney are Defining characteristics of supply chains built able to achieve superior results while each to this design [demand driven excellence] of their functional area benefits from include the ability to manage demand rather collaboration with the other two. AMR Research cites the demand driven exellence model as the reason why companies like Apple and Disney are able to perform so well. The new phrase that’s making the rounds in the corporate world is that â€Å"pull† is the new â€Å"push†. Creating solutions and coaxing customers to purchase them is fastly becoming a redundant technique. The modern business strategy is responding dynamically to consumer needs and making your solutions fit their demands than just respond to it, a networked rather than linear approach to global supply, and the ability to embed innovation in operations rather than keep it isolated in the laboratory. The demand-driven model is inherently circular and self-renewing, unlike the push supply chains of our factory-centric industrial past. AMR Research like a glove. The focus is to make them want what you are offering- and not wanting them to purchase what you’ve put out. Apple’s iTunes store is the perfect example. Previously, record labels put out albums out on the market and they were expected to sell based on the couple of singles released to the airwaves. The albums were â€Å"pushed† to the customers. These days, iTunes allows consumers to purchase individual tracks- and only the ones they want to- from any album. That way they are shifting control of the purchase entirely to the customer and it has only helped in mutual growth. The demand driven global supply chain is assessed by two key measures: Operational Excellence (Key Metrics: Perfect Order Rate, Total SCM costs) Innovation Excellence (Time to Value, Return on New Product Launch) The relationship of demand driven excellence and the key measures can be see in the following table which differentiates between market leaders and losers on the basis of their performance in the above mentioned areas. 4. APPLE AND DISNEY 4. 1. SPECIFICS Apple’s digital supply chain comprises procuring content from record labels and television networks (among others), processing the content to digital format and then making it available on its iTunes store. eBooks, Podcasts and Applications for its iPod and iPhone devices also form a big portion of the content that is distributed on its digital supply chain. The success of Apple’s digital supply chain is due to â€Å"an intoxicating mix of brilliant industrial design, transcendent software interfaces and consumable goods that are purely digital†, according to the authors of an AMR Research write-up. The authors also note that â€Å"the mechanical and financial benefits of this approach include extremely high inventory turns, minimal material or capacity limitations to growth, and excellent margins. † Following is an excellent article by a blogger on how iTunes manages suppliers and customers. ARTICLE 01: By Cara Smith As far as iTunes is concerned, both upstream and downstream supply chains apply. I feel iTunes use both strategies simply because in the case of upstream, iTunes acquire the vast majority of its digital content from well known music labels and film producers, who will trade with iTunes who will then use a downstream approach in order to sell their products and services onto their customers. Push vs pull supply models Nowadays with the digital music market at an all time high with sales hitting the roof, customers are experiencing a new way of purchasing. In terms of iTunes we can see that ‘pull’ is the new ‘push’ simply because customers are able to purchase individual tracks produced by an artist rather than having to purchase the entire album to only like one or two songs from the track listing. This then gives the customer the opportunity to customize their very own iTunes library or playlists with a range of songs made my various artists meaning that customers will want to hear what is in that playlist without having tracks or items pushed towards them. With the pull strategy concentrating solely on the customer the main importance of the company is to ensure they provide value and ensure the service will be one in order to ensure customer satisfaction as well as attracting new customer leading to a broadened customer base as well as increased sales rather than to deter customers from purchasing or visiting at all. Vertical integration vs disintegration vs virtual integration I would say that iTunes would most likely operate using ‘Virtual Integration’. I feel iTunes would operate using this strategy in its day to day running simply because they rely on management activities being undertaken and controlled by outside sources such as the record labels, film producers, application developers and many others, supplying them with all their up to date, high quality digital media and services of which their customers will purchase or subscribe to. Due to dealing with so many widely known record labels and film producers etc, iTunes always ensures to maintain a strong relationship in order to help secure any future deals these labels may offer as well as trying to broaden their supplier base at the same time. Evidence of value networks In terms of value networks I would say that by ensuring their customers are well looked after by providing them with everything they need and are satisfied with the products and services they are receiving, including the time in which it takes for a product to download or the quality of their purchase, iTunes will always maintain a good relationship with its customer and supplier base in terms of how they work in partnership with each other. By ensuring that their customers are always happy with what they are receiving it will be hard for iTunes to loose many of its customers at any one time unless some new top of the range platform was developed with extraordinary features of which iTunes has never thought of. Through continuously updating its platform and interface, whilst adding new and improved features and services iTunes always has something new for customers to explore giving them a sense of ease as they know customers will always be around to check out what new meaning that they are more likely to stay around and use its facilities. Evidence of efficiencies in supply chain As Apple iTunes continuously strive to provide the best quality service and produce top of the range goods they are always making changes to the way in which they deliver products and services to customers. With iTunes being considered the ‘Number 1’ music platform and online digital retail store, iTunes have proved they can be successful in every way possible by exceeding cashflow and turnaround targets through the huge demand for online digital content of which many of music record labels and film producers supply and give permission for iTunes to sell on to its customers at price. With this success iTunes will do anything and everything in order to keep its existing customer and attract new customers in, so with their ideas of continuous new and improved updates to the iTunes interface and by introducing better ways of syncing and managing your iPod or iPhone contents on the iTunes platform. In terms of ensuring customer have all the content they require iTunes it always up to date with the current charts and applications, however when a customer has made a purchase the item(s) will automatically start to download and will be accessible to listen to or view as soon as the download is complete. ttp://csmithcom425. wordpress. com/2009/10/30/week-6-supply-chain-management/ Apple’s revolutionary digital supply chain (nurtured by its demand driven excellence focus) is in addition to its distribution of its own physical products, the aforementioned iPod and iPhone as well as Macs and Macbooks. Whereas the line between the products that travel through Appleâ⠂¬â„¢s digital supply chain (music, movies, eBooks) and the ones that are distributed through its traditional supply chain (iPods, Macs) is quite distinct, Disney has a more blurred array of products offered on its digital and traditional supply chains. While it maintains its practice of maintaining top-notch physical distribution channels with its retailers (such as Blockbuster which carries Disney DVDs) the same content is also offered through its digital network (on-demand movies, online premieres, digital books), albeit not in the same format. The simultaneous existence of both the supply chains is necessary for Disney even though the content distributed differs only in format because the modern market demands ask for digital content whereas it has to fulfill the continued, if diminishing, demands of its physical etailers and varied businesses such as the supply chain needs of its theme parks. The Arvato Digital Services model can be used to understand how Disney manages the distribution of the same content across the two channels, digital and physical. Also, see the model on the next page for more detailed insight on how the Digital Supply Chain relates to Disney and other entertainment industry players. 4. RECOMMENDATIONS Our recommendation for both the companies would be to draft better licensing deals, capitalize on the immense potential of the digital supply chain, and use the internet to distribute digital content worldwide and not a select list of geographic locations. People in third world economies like Pakistan can make online purchases and download digital content as well. Without incurring significant additional costs, Apple and Disney can make their entire repository of digital content and access available without exceptions on the basis of location, and reap the financial benefits that will surely come. Apple has been doing a fantastic job of managing its supply chains but whereas its physical chain is finally sounder than it once was, the company needs to be careful not to underestimate the incredible popularity of its online content. Recently, during the rollout of a new iPhone, the physical supply chain was able to endure and accommodate the rush of early purchasers but the digital supply chain became overtaxed with demands of device activation and content synchronization which led to a slew of wait times, customer service issues and of course, unhappy customers. Disney should start preparing for a future where distribution of its content, that can be provided digitally, would be extinct. That would pose several new challenges for the company- Should it form lucrative liaisons with online retailers like Apple’s iTunes or sell its own content such as the TV Network NBC? An analysis of the pros and cons of both the alternatives could make better decisions possible in planning its supply chain strategies for the future. The biggest challenge we’ve been confronted with, preparing for, and have every expectation we’ll be successful in is how technology will dramatically change the way consumers worldwide enjoy entertainment content,† DVD sales are already facing a slump (they slid by – Bill Patrizio, senior VP of 6. 9% last year). Studios are facing the dilemma of strategic sourcing and devising profitable solutions for the new age while procurement for Disney. trying to maintain profitability from the decreasing momentum of the cash cow that was the DVD market. Our recommendation in this respect would be to brainstorm a fresh business model instead of trying to teach the old dog new tricks. A complete overhauling of the way the company thinks of content could be the solution for the problems that are sure to arise in the near future. The rumored â€Å"Keychest† could be a step in the right direction. Disney has always shown business savvy (as is obvious from the quote from 2005 display above) and we’re sure the company has some smart strategies thought out. REFERENCES Wikipedia Digital Supply Chain http://en. ikipedia. org/wiki/Digital_supply_chain AMR Research www. amrresearch. com PC World â€Å"How Apple’s Supply Chain fared during the 3G Rollout† http://www. pcworld. com/businesscenter/article/148429/how_apples_supply_chain_fared_during_t he_3g_rollout. html Cara’s Com425 Blog http://csmithcom425. wordpress. com/2009/10/30/week-6-supply-chain-management/ â€Å"Understanding the Digital Supply Chainâ⠂¬  Presented at Media-Tech Conference, 23rd April 2009 by Sven Deutschman, CEO, Arvato Digital Services EMEA http://www. media-tech. et/fileadmin/templates/europe09/pdf/presentations/MEDIATECH_2009_Sven_Deutschmann. pdf Business Week â€Å"Hollywood Is Worried as DVD Sales Slow† http://www. businessweek. com/magazine/content/09_09/b4121056770437. htm MESA Disney developing ‘Keychest’ for Digital Content Access http://mesalliance. org/blog/2009/10/21/disney-developing-‘keychest’-for-digital-content-access/ Information Week â€Å"QA with Disney’s Patrizio: Digital Content Is the Future† http://www. informationweek. com/news/globalcio/interviews/showArticle. jhtml? articleID=160403913 How to cite Digital Supply Chain Managment, Papers

Corporate Social Responsibility in Business Practices

Question: Discuss about the Corporate Social Responsibility in Business Practices. Answer: Introduction: Corporate social responsibility is becoming one of the standard business practices carried in modern business organization. It builds an overall business reputation that plays an important role in achieving a sustainable growth. CSR strategy is one of the crucial components of a companys competitive strategy which is led by the firm itself. Various policies and procedure are used to integrate social, environmental and ethical and human rights which form the core strategy of any business organization (Navi, 2012). The overall aim of a company is to achieve a positive impact on the society while maximizing the value for the owners. It is defined by the European Commission as the responsibility of an organization for its impact on the society. Corporate social responsibility is not defined by the money spend on the charity by the organization but the overall involvement of the organization in improving the quality of life. Corporate responsibility has developed significantly in the inte rnational business organization (Cadbury, 2006). Research has shown that CSR has become a mainstream activity in most of the organizations. The private organization has a mounting impact over the workforce, clientele, society, stakeholders and the environment. It has become evident that the organizations have to make certain amount of contribution towards the society. This will not only help in developing a positive image of the company but has a long term effect on the future revenue generation (VASAN, 2005). The organizations can make contribution towards their wealth and towards the overall wealth of the community through CSR activities. Ethics of multi-national companies involve moral values. Some of the activities carried out by the organizations are not ethically strong. Most of the organizations focus on making profit. Business ethics is a bigger issue due to involvement of large number of people (Luo and Bhattacharya, 2006). Ethics at workplace has become one of the important concepts in an organization to increase the overall productivity. Unethical actions done by the employees are harmful for the growth of the organization (McWilliams, Siegel and Wright, 2006). Modern organizations are becoming more aware about the social responsibility and ethics at workplace. Business forms an essential part of the society within which they are operating. Mangers are aware that long term prosperity depends upon the sustained relationship with the broad range of people. Intelligent organization understands that an organization cannot perform well if it does not work under the cooperation with the society. Majority of organizations has imbibed a structured corporate governance system to monitor the organization. Consumers have multiple expectations from the organization which is creating responsibility in order to create accountable business conduct (Kotler and Lee, 2008). The organization has a responsibility towards the shareholders. They are answerable to the shareholders for past actions. Corporate responsibility has attained a great place in the mission of the company. Shareholder expects an improved performance for which CSR practices are given special preference. Corporate social responsibility has enhanced the vision of the organization in terms of attainment of goals. The complex goals can easily be attained if company adheres to the governance structure. It is essential to take into record the social responsibility into the daily course while carrying out routine activities. Proponents stated that long term profits increase considerably if a company follows CSR functions whereas critics argue that CSR activities causes unnecessary burden on the organization (Becker-Olsen, Cudmore and Hill, 2006). Critics questioned the lofty expenditure made in the name of the company is sometimes used in a wrongful manner to meet the heavy unrealistic goals. It is used by the organization these days to cover up the expenditure. Sociologist finds CSR as a form of capitalist legitimacy and points out that it is a form of social movement followed by the organization to transform the corporate powers into a business model. It is seen as a risk management device by the researchers which is been used to cover up the flaws (Carroll and Shabana, 2010). Innovation is a huge benefit for the organization in terms of corporate social responsibility. Marketing sustainability has become a strategy to imply in general course of action. Sustainability is one of the important parts which add value to organization in achieving a consistent growth. Organizations are switching on utilizing innovative model of work that will help in attainment of goals and objectives (Vogel, 2007). The organizations have started imbibing innovating culture into their routine functions. It has helped them to attain long term objectives. Majority of organizations are using eco friendly product instead of harmful chemicals. This has helped building strong reputation. Organization like Unilever has recently launched a hair conditioner using less of water. Innovation s is important for an organization to achieve goals through sustainable development (Sen, Bhattacharya and Korschun, 2006). This not only provide with an opportunity to improve public image but to creat e awareness among public. Companies are becoming consumer centric and seeking for opportunities that are in their favor. It is been seen that consumers are becoming more aware about the product ingredients and invest on those products that are following sustainable model. This provides an opportunity to the research and development department to develop ways to set an example before public (Mohr and Webb, 2005). Companies are looking for ways to reduce the cost in order to spend on the other activities. Cost saving is necessary for an organization to develop a sustainable environment. Investment in cist saving program is important in a way to promote motive of CSR practices. Incorporating cost saving model has helped in establishing an evident example before public. Monitoring cost saving techniques will help in accomplishing the desired goals (Blowfield, 2005). This has helped in exhibiting a positive image in front of public. A company which is exhibiting a cost saving plan in their activities has helped in managing the long term goals whereas CSR practice is not only applicable for the limited time period. Cost saving helps the organization to put forward an example for the society. The primary focus of CSR activities is to set an example in front of the society. Major companies across the globe are focusing on reducing the cost in order to create awareness in the eyes of people. CSR prac tice has become one of the important parameter to add value to the organization (Carroll, 2015). CSR practices helps in creating Brand differentiation. People are following those companies who have imbibed CSR in their routine. It is necessary to create a product differentiation in order to attain distinguished targets. It is seen that those companies which are following CSR model are distinguished from the other companies. On a long run it has become important for every multinational organization to create a distinguished model. Starbucks has created an exemplary model of corporate governance through its CSR model (Habisch, Jonker, Wegner and Schmidpeter, 2005). This has not only created brand awareness among customers but this also helps in attainment of desired goals on a long run. This not only include taking into account of environment friendly activities but also includes various social activities. Globalization has led to integration of worlds economy. Every organization is looking forward to compete against each other. Corporate responsibility is gaining importance in to days global business scenario. Foreign brands are setting differential goal through their corporate governance model. Brands are investing on improving their public image through incorporating the CSR model mentioned in their mission. This has become relevant in recent years where large companies have allocated a seriate budget to pursue CSR activities (Werther and Chandler, 2010). Timely review Of CSR model is conducted by the companies in order to create a dignified image. Multinational companies are consistently focusing on implementing the plan into their functions which has helped the companies to achieve long term targets. CSR activities are based on the Long-term thinking and create awareness among stakeholders. This has helped the company to achieve a sustainable growth for a longer time period. CSR has helped the organization to overcome the difficult situation to establish a brand name. Long term focus on the CSR functions is necessary to establish a trust with the customers. An organization can only survive if they have a better CSR culture in their value. Setting of long term goals is necessary for the company in achieving desired goals. Business ethics and values have become important to work in an efficient manner. This will enhance the overall productivity of the organization. Excessive utilization of resources has created a burden on the environment, in order to manage the damages it has become evident to implant CSR activities. This has a long term impact on the image of the brand. Certain companies are using CSR as a tool to improve their image in the eyes of society. People are becoming more aware about the companys strategies and buying products of that company which are following an efficient CSR plan. Customer engagement is necessary for achieving desired results. Engaging customers will enhance the overall opportunities for the organization. Even customers want to participate in the organizations who are constantly working for the society. Different companies are engaging customers in the activities by carrying out different functions for the benefit of the organization and the society. Employee engagement is necessary for attaining long term growth. Sustainable results can only be achieved if the employees of the organization are happy. Employees are the asset of the organization and it is essential to involve them in decision making process. It has become necessary to involve every individual employee by considering efforts which are essential to achieve a desired growth. Employees satisfaction should be considered well before making policies. This is necessary for a business organization to consider the efforts of every individual before framing the policies... this is necessary for the long term survival of the company in order to manage the activities in a systematic manner. Corporate responsibility is necessary to be taken care in order to manage various activities that affect a consistent growth. Beyond CSR if a company invests in building their reputation it will benefit them for a longer time period. It is evident that those companies which are making consi stent investment in the CSR. This will help in attaining better performance than the overall market. Effective planning of CSR will help in better recovery of stock price. This will help in achieving revenues for achieving success on long run. CSR helps in attaining differential goals which will cause success in acquiring desired growth. It is observed that involving employees in the Social responsibility function has helped in attainment of sustainable growth. The above mentioned companies are declared as The Top 10 brands in the 2016 Global Retrace 100 report. It is evident that the success of these eminent organizations is cased due to their contribution towards the society. Understanding the basic needs of the society will help the organization to attain desired goals. Most of the companies have incorporated the model in order to achieve a sustainable growth (Zerk, 2006). Corporate social responsibility has a long way to go create a positive word of mouth for the organization in whole. It is a proven fact that doing something for the society will help in achieving desired growth and will ensure long term growth. It plays a crucial role in making the image of the brand popular not only in front of competitors but also in media. Moreover CSR creates a positive image among the customers which serve the long term motive of the organization. People develop a positive feeling for the brand which takes social responsibility through investing on charity programmes. CSR activities dont require much investment but helps in gaining publicity. Majority of organizations are investing for the cause that requires special global attention in order to grab support from people. CSR will help in gaining brand recognition and it will help in creating brand recognition. People will trust the brand and soon it will help in creating a positive brand image. Hence in todays s cenario with a cut throat competition it has become important to chase targets and handling the pressure at the workplace. References Becker-Olsen, K.L., Cudmore, B.A. and Hill, R.P., 2006. The impact of perceived corporate social responsibility on consumer behavior.Journal of business research,59(1), pp.46-53. Blowfield, M., 2005. Corporate Social Responsibility: reinventing the meaning of development?.International Affairs,81(3), pp.515-524. Cadbury, A., 2006. Corporate social responsibility.Twenty-First Century Society,1(1), pp.5-21. Carroll, A.B. and Shabana, K.M., 2010. The business case for corporate social responsibility: A review of concepts, research and practice.International journal of management reviews,12(1), pp.85-105. Carroll, A.B., 2015. Corporate social responsibility.Organizational Dynamics,44, pp.87-96. Habisch, A., Jonker, J., Wegner, M. and Schmidpeter, R. eds., 2005.Corporate social responsibility across Europe. Springer Science Business Media. Harris,A.,2016. The Importance of Corporate Social Responsibility for your Business Image.IMAGE. Available at: https://www.kcdpr.com/the-importance-of-corporate-social-responsibility-for-your-business-image/ Accessed on: 30 December 2016 Kotler, P. and Lee, N., 2008.Corporate social responsibility: Doing the most good for your company and your cause. John Wiley Sons. Luo, X. and Bhattacharya, C.B., 2006. Corporate social responsibility, customer satisfaction, and market value. Journal of marketing, 70(4), pp.1-18. McWilliams, A., Siegel, D.S. and Wright, P.M., 2006. Corporate social responsibility: Strategic implications.Journal of management studies,43(1), pp.1-18. Mohr, L.A. and Webb, D.J., 2005. The effects of corporate social responsibility and price on consumer responses.Journal of Consumer Affairs,39(1), pp.121-147. Navi, S.T., 2012. Corporate social responsibility. Sen, S., Bhattacharya, C.B. and Korschun, D., 2006. The role of corporate social responsibility in strengthening multiple stakeholder relationships: A field experiment.Journal of the Academy of Marketing science,34(2), pp.158-166. VASAN, M., 2005. Corporate social responsibility. Vogel, D., 2007.The market for virtue: The potential and limits of corporate social responsibility. Brookings Institution Press. Werther Jr, W.B. and Chandler, D., 2010.Strategic corporate social responsibility: Stakeholders in a global environment. Sage Publications. Zerk, J.A., 2006.Multinationals and corporate social responsibility: Limitations and opportunities in international law(Vol. 48). Cambridge University Press.

Herrick The marshal of Salem Essay Example

Herrick The marshal of Salem Paper Mr Hale is nearly 40, tight-skinned, eager-eyed intellectual. A young minister reputed to be an expert on witchcraft. Mr Hale is called in to Salem to examine Parriss daughter Betty. His intimate liking toward Proctor actually stuns we, as readers, that a third party could be so understanding and is able to try and console those in need. In this case, Hale actually proves to be a upright citizen who tries to save Proctor from the noose by advising him to succumb to a false crime. His intentions were good like a committed Christian and hater of witchcraft. It is his assurance that we cannot look to superstition in this. The Devil is precise. His critical mind and intelligence save him from falling into blind fervor. His arrival sets the hysteria in motion, although he later regrets his actions and attempts to save the lives of those accused. Elizabeth Proctor Elizabeth does not appear until the beginning of Act Two. She is referred to beforehand, notably in a scathing comment by Abigail. When we first hear her, though, she is singing lullabies to her children, giving us the impression of a homely woman. The atmosphere in the Proctor household tells us that she has had difficulty in coming to terms with her husbands brief adultery. She is accused by both Proctor and Abigail of being cold and she confirms this opinion of herself in the last act. But she is no fool and understands well Abigails intentions, well before Proctor himself does. Her love and understanding of John is crystal clear in the last act when she leaves him to make his own decision over whether to confess. We will write a custom essay sample on Herrick The marshal of Salem specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Herrick The marshal of Salem specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Herrick The marshal of Salem specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer She undoubtedly recognizes that he will not be able to live with a decision to confess, but she allows him to come to his own realisation of this. Danforth Deputy Governor Danforth represents both the authority of the Law and the Church within this community. He takes his position seriously and seizes every opportunity to impress the importance of his work upon others. This is reflected in some of the long, serious speeches he gives in Act Three. His determination to enforce the Law is unrelenting. He is not interested in the individual and will not allow the work of the court to be questioned. His manner is inflexible and unemotional. It is impossible to tell why he does not accept the horror of the situation. Does he actually believe all that the girls allege? Or does he think that events have gone too far, but to stop the process would undermine his authority? Proctor has no doubt that Danforth is allowing himself to be fooled, and that he will be damned because of it Giles Corley An elderly but feisty farmer in Salem, famous for his tendency to file lawsuits. Giless wife, Martha, is accused of witchcraft, and he himself is eventually held in con-tempt of court and pressed to death with large stones. As the start of the play, Corey is something of a comic character and Proctor deals with his argumentative tendency is a good-natured way. He unwittingly implicates his wife in witchcraft, and whilst protesting to the court refuses to name an informant, and so is arrested himself. The grim manner of his death being pressed by great weights to try to force an answer is poignantly revealed to Proctor in jail. The Putnams A bitter couple, who between them represent the worst aspects of Salem society such as jealously, small-mindedness and greed, it was Ann Putnam that sent her daughter to conjure spirits in the first place and Thomas Putnam sought to gain from the tragedy of others. Thomas Putnam A wealthy, influential citizen of Salem, Putnam holds a grudge against Francis Nurse for preventing Putnams brother-in-law from being elected to the office of minister. He uses the witch trials to increase his own wealth by accusing people of witchcraft and then buying up their land. Ann Putnam Thomas Putnams wife. Ann Putnam has given birth to eight children, but only Ruth Putnam survived. The other seven died before they were a day old, and Ann is con-vinced that they were murdered by supernatural means. Ruth Putnam The Putnams lone surviving child out of eight. Like Betty Parris, Ruth falls into a strange stupor after Reverend Parris catches her and the other girls dancing in the woods at night. Rebecca Nurse Francis nurses wife, the elderly and respected Rebecca is a wise, sensible, and upright woman, held in tremendous regard by most of the Salem community, and one of the voices of good sense in the play. Hale has already heard of her good reputation before meeting her. However, she falls victim to the hysteria when the Putnams accuse her of witchcraft and she refuses to confess. The conviction of Rebecca reveals how low the community at Salem has fallen. She goes to her death with dignity and acceptance Francis Nurse A wealthy, influential man in Salem. Nurse is well respected by most people in Salem, but is an enemy of Thomas Putnam and his wife. Mary Warren Mary is the Proctors servant. She is weak and easily influenced, so it is ominous that Proctors evidence rests on Marys confession. She can barely speak in the courtroom and its relatively simple for Abigail to turn her. This is devastating for Proctor as Mary then testifies against him. Tituba Reverend Parriss black slave from Barbados. Tituba agrees to perform voodoo at Abigails request Betty Parris Reverend Parriss ten-year-old daughter. Betty falls into a strange stupor after Parris catches her and the other girls dancing in the forest with Tituba. Her illness and that of Ruth Putnam fuel the first rumors of witchcraft. Martha Corey Giles Coreys third wife. Marthas reading habits lead to her arrest and conviction for witchcraft. Ezekiel Cheever A man from Salem who acts as clerk of the court during the witch trials. He is upright and determined to do his duty for justice. Judge Hathorne A judge who presides, along with Danforth, over the witch trials. Herrick The marshal of Salem. Mercy Lewis Servant to the Putnam household. She is a merciless girl who seems to delight in the girls activities. The threats Abigail uses on the other girls are unnecessary for Mercy. When Abigail eventually leaves town, Mercy goes with her.

The Freedmens Bureau - Agency to Assist Former Slaves

The Freedmen's Bureau - Agency to Assist Former Slaves The Freedmens Bureau was created by the U.S. Congress near the end of the Civil War as an agency to deal with the enormous humanitarian crisis brought about by the war. Throughout the South, where most of the fighting had taken place, cities and towns were devastated. The economic system was virtually nonexistent, railroads had been destroyed, and farms had been neglected or destroyed. And four million recently freed slaves were faced with new realities of life. On March 3, 1865, the Congress created the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands. Commonly known as the Freedmens Bureau, its original charter was for one year, though it was reorganized within the war department in July 1866. The Goals of the Freedmens Bureau The Freedmens Bureau was envisioned as an agency wielding enormous power over the South. An editorial in the New York Times published on February 9, 1865, when the original bill for the creation of the bureau was being introduced in Congress, said the proposed agency would be: ... a separate department, responsible alone to the President, and supported by military power from him, to take charge of the abandoned and forfeited lands of the rebels, settle them with freedmen, guard the interests of these latter, aid in adjusting wages, in enforcing contracts, and in protecting these unfortunate people from injustice, and securing them their liberty. The task before such an agency would be immense. The four million newly freed blacks in the South were mostly uneducated and illiterate (as a result of laws regulating slavery), and a major focus of the Freedmens Bureau would be setting up schools to educate former slaves. An emergency system of feeding the population was also an immediate problem, and food rations would be distributed to the starving. It has been estimated that the Freedmens Bureau distributed 21 million food rations, with five million being given to white southerners. The program of redistributing land, which was an original goal for the Freedmens Bureau was thwarted by presidential orders. The promise of Forty Acres and a Mule, which many freedmen believed they would receive from the U.S. government, went unfulfilled. General Oliver Otis Howard Was Commissioner of the Freedmens Bureau The man chose to head the Freemens Bureau, Union General Oliver Otis Howard, was a graduate of Bowdoin College in Maine as well as the U.S. Military Academy at West Point. Howard had served throughout the Civil War, and lost his right arm in combat at the Battle of Fair Oaks, in Virginia, in 1862. While serving under Gen. Sherman during the famous March to the Sea in late 1864, Gen. Howard witnessed the many thousands of former slaves who followed Shermans troops on the advance through Georgia. Knowing of his concern for the freed slaves, President Lincoln had chosen him to be the first commissioner of the Freedmens Bureau (though Lincoln was assassinated before the job was officially offered). General Howard, who was 34 years old when he accepted the position at the Freedmens Bureau, got to work in the summer of 1865. He quickly organized the Freedmens Bureau into geographical divisions to oversee the various states. A U.S. Army officer of high rank was usually placed in charge of each division, and Howard was able to request personnel from the Army as needed. In that respect the Freedmens Bureau was a powerful entity, as its actions could be enforced by the U.S. Army, which still had a considerable presence in the South. The Freedmens Bureau Was Essentially the Government in the Defeated Confederacy When the Freedmens Bureau began operations, Howard and his officers had to essentially set up a new government in the states that had made up the Confederacy. At the time, there were no courts and virtually no law. With the backing of the U.S. Army, the Freedmens Bureau was generally successful in establishing order. However, in the late 1860s there were eruptions of lawlessness, with organized gangs, including the Ku Klux Klan, attacking blacks and whites affiliated with the Freedmens Bureau. In Gen. Howards autobiography, which he published in 1908, he devoted a chapter to the struggle against the Ku Klux Klan. Land Redistribution Did Not Happen As Intended One area in which the Freedmens Bureau did not live up to its mandate was in the area of distributing land to former slaves. Despite the rumors that families of freedmen would receive forty acres of land to farm, the lands which would have been distributed were instead returned to those who had owned the land before the Civil War by order of President Andrew Johnson. In Gen. Howards autobiography he described how he personally attended a meeting in Georgia in late 1865 at which he had to inform former slaves who had been settled onto farms that the land was being taken away from them. The failure to set former slaves up on their own farms condemned many of them to lives as impoverished sharecroppers. The Educational Programs of the Freedmens Bureau Were a Success A major focus of the Freedmens Bureau was the education of former slaves, and in that area it was generally considered a success. As many slaves had been forbidden to learn to read and write, there was a widespread need for literacy education. A number of charitable organizations set up schools, and the Freedmens Bureau even arranged for textbooks to be published. Despite incidents in which teachers were attacked and schools burned in the South, hundreds of schools were opened in the late 1860s and early 1870s. General Howard had a great interest in education, and in the late 1860s he helped to found Howard University in Washington, D.C., a historically black college which was named in his honor. Legacy of the Freedmens Bureau Most of the work of the Freedmens Bureau ended in 1869, except for its educational work, which continued until 1872. During its existence, the Freedmens Bureau was criticized for being an enforcement arm of the Radical Republicans in Congress. Virulent critics in the South condemned it constantly. And employees of the Freedmens Bureau were at times physically attacked and even murdered. Despite the criticism, the work the Freedmens Bureau accomplished, especially in its educational endeavors, was necessary, especially considering the dire situation of the South at the end of the war.

Read ch's 3 & 4 in the book Creating Graphics for learning and Essay

Read ch's 3 & 4 in the book Creating Graphics for learning and Performance and answer the focus questions, do the web activity, - Essay Example Extraneous cognitive load refers to the extra load presented in the form of input which is irrelevant to the topic primarily being addressed in the learning process. Germane cognitive load is one which facilitates the learning by association or sequencing the sensory inputs into meaningful units for the learner. Why should designers focus on working memory? Designers should focus on the working memory because it is that part of the memory where the information is held for a few seconds and organized into rational structures, which if reinforced with germane cognition can lead to a permanent impression in the long term memory, the latter being permanent in nature (Atkinson & Shiffrin, 1968). Working memory cannot hold more than 4-7 units during an interval of time and the visual artist should be able to identify the best visual and auditory inputs, structured into chunks, to have the maximum cognitive effect. Moreover, it is the working memory faction of human cognition where the info rmation processing takes place. The auditory and the visual channels also act in cohesion at this juncture for maximum impact (Pavio, 1990). Moreover, the episodic buffer is also created in the working memory area where the integration of visual and auditory inputs takes place (Baddeley, 2000). What is the relationship between selection, organization, and integration and figure-ground, hierarchy, and closure? The information processing theory suggests that the sensory input is processed selectively in the working memory where it gets organized into rational cues which interact with previous individual impressions’ and memory to form a cognitive pattern which may or may not be taken up by the long term memory. Selection, therefore involves filtration of the received sensory inputs in order to unburden the brain from information load. The subject involuntarily even selects the information which he or she is not at all aware about previously and this should be the focus of conce ntration for a creative visual designer. The intended informational input should therefore be structured in a manner so that it is aimed at the normal grasping or perceiving capability of the human brain. Organization of the provided inputs takes place according to the preexistent knowledge and the ability of the learner to grasp the meaning of the visual and auditory inputs into meaningful patterns which can be sustained for a long term impact. Integration of the provided visual and auditory inputs takes place in the working memory where they act upon simultaneously. Verbal and visual inputs when provided together are better integrated than when provided following each other. The figure ground principle suggests that the human mind is structured to perceive and separate the figure elements from the ground elements i.e. particular shapes elicit particular responses without going into the details of the object. Hierarchical organization of information takes place according to categor ization of information into layers according to the degree of importance placed on them. When sensory inputs are organized into a perceptible pattern, the whole information is more than the sum of its parts as suggested by the gestalt theory. In that case, a person with past experience can visualize the ‘whole’

Drug Trafficking in the United States Research Paper

Drug Trafficking in the United States - Research Paper Example The National Drug Threat Assessment 2011 Report also indicated that Mexican cartels remained the author threat as far as drug trafficking and distribution is concerned, and they are found operating in every region, city, and suburban area of the country. These cartels do not only operate in the streets, but they have also upped their game inside schools, colleges, offices, and U.S prisons. Just like drug-related violence, disorderliness, and crimes, which are on the increase, there have been greater levels of heroin, marijuana and methamphetamine trafficking and use across the U.S/Mexico border (Longmire, 2011). This paper explores drug trafficking in the United States discussing the drug cartels, their countries of origin, their entry routes, distributors, and target markets. The United States’ drug market is perhaps the most profitable and lucrative in the world. That is the reason why it attracts the most belligerent, callous, and intricate traffickers, distributors, and dealers. Dealing with these ruthless traffickers is, thus, one among the many challenges that the U.S government, through its various drug law enforcement agencies such as the DEA, faces. The sophistication and the aggression with which these ruthless drug traffickers execute their operations and evade law enforcers, thus, hinder the efforts of the U.S drug agencies aimed at reducing drug trafficking into and within the U.S, more so border protection operations. The large volumes of people and cargo that enter the United States through commercial and private flights, express cargo carriers, vehicles, and passenger ships pose serious impediments to the war against drug trafficking into and within the United States (Cratty, 2010). It is through these movements into the U.S that sh ipments of drugs such as methamphetamine, marijuana, MDMA.  

The uniform application of Community Law

The uniform application of Community Law Title: The uniform application of Community law can never be achieved because it is too easy for national courts to decide important points of Community law for themselves. Critically evaluate the above statement. Introduction Given that the European Union of 2006 consists of 25 different states, which operate under (more than)[1] 25 different legal systems and court structures based on different heritages and subject to different political and socio-economic pressures it is certainly appropriate to concede that the uniform application of Community law is a tall order. That said however, in law it is always dangerous to use the word never. Supremacy of EC Law It is first worth making the point that all forms of EC law prevail over all forms national law. Cases such as Van Gend en Loos[2] and Costa v ENEL[3] gave the European Court of Justice the opportunity to make this fundamental principle clear in the early days of the EEC in the 1960s. The sovereignty of EC law, now largely accepted by courts around the EC, underpins the Community’s pursuit of the goal of uniform application. As confirmed by cases such as Defrenne v Sabena[4] the principle of direct effect operates alongside the supremacy rule to facilitate and encourage the uniform application of EC law in the courts of the member states. Article 234 EC Article 234 of the Treaty of Rome sets down a procedure vital to the consistent application of Community law. The Article provides: â€Å"The Court of Justice shall have jurisdiction to give preliminary rulings concerning: (a) the interpretation of this Treaty (b) the validity and interpretation of acts of the institutions of the Community and of the ECB; (c) the interpretation of the statues of bodies established by an act of Council, where those statutes so provide. Where such a question is raised before any court or tribunal of a Member State, that court or tribunal may, if it considers that a decision on the question is necessary to enable it to give judgment, request the Court of Justice to give a ruling thereon. Where any such question is raised in a case pending before a court or tribunal of a Member State against whose decisions there is no judicial remedy under national law, that court or tribunal shall bring the matter before the Court of Justice.† First, it is clear from the above that national courts do not possess the jurisdiction to rule on the validity of acts of the EC institutions. As Foto-Frost v Hauptzollampt[5] confirms, all such questions must be referred to the Court of Justice and it is argued that this goes some way to ensure the harmonious application of EC law in the member states. The Article 234 mechanism ensures that ambiguous questions of EU law can be referred to the Court of Justice for an authoritative answer and its importance in the EC legal order is hard to overstate. Clearly without such a procedure the courts of the different member states could and almost certainly would resolve issues of EU law slightly and perhaps sometimes wildly differently. Article 234 allows questions to be referred from the lower courts of the member states at the discretion of those courts and importantly it imposes a mandatory duty on the supreme courts in each member state to refer questions of EU law to the European Court. In theory this procedure ensures that EU law is both interpreted and applied in a uniform manner across the Community. The duty imposed on courts of the last resort to refer questions of EU law to the Court of Justice is obviously important, because there is no further domestic appeal from such courts. The duty was confirmed inter alia, in the case Gaston Schul[6]. The CILFIT ruling[7] stipulated that the duty to refer under what is now Article 234[8] did not apply where: (a) the question of EU law is not relevant to the domestic proceedings; (b) the provision has already been interpreted by the Court of Justice and the answer is clear even though the circumstances of the current case may not be identical; (c) the correct interpretation of the law is so obvious as to leave no room for reasonable doubt. In the early days of the EEC, when the national courts of the member states were still struggling with the notion of a supreme Community law, many decisions in the UK and other member states such as Germany and Italy indicated a more lax approach to the use of what is now the Article 234 procedure. In HP Bulmer Ltd V Bollinger SA[9] Lord Denning suggested a reference would only be necessary if it was deemed to be conclusive to a judgment. Such cases do not represent the law today, having been undermined by the definitive CILFIT ruling, which has been endorsed and applied in many subsequent rulings: Intermodal Transports BV v Staatssecretaris van Financià «n.[10] It should also be noted that the European Court’s predisposition towards contextual and purposive interpretation designed to buttress and sometimes even proactively increase the efficacy of EC law is readily apparent in this field. In Broekmeulen v Huisarts Registratie Commissie[11] the question was whether the appeal committee of a medical body constituted a â€Å"court or tribunal† under the terms of Article 234. The Court of Justice held that it was imperative to ensure the proper functioning of Community law that it should get the opportunity to rule on references from as many forms of body as possible and thus included the committee in question within the notional ambit of â€Å"court or tribunal† in the context of Article 234. This general judicial policy, if consistently pursued, bodes well for the harmonious application of Community law. Concluding Comments It is submitted that to assert that the uniform application of Community law can never be achieved because it is too easy for national courts to decide important points of Community law for themselves is an unduly negative stance to take. It is undeniably difficult to achieve the perfectly uniform application of Community law in the circumstances in which the EU finds itself, and doubtless as the boundaries of the Union extend, both in geographic and legislative terms, the task of ensuring uniform application will become ever more exacting. However, the legislative mechanisms to guarantee the consistent application of Community law are in place and the Court of Justice has proved itself committed to the role of policing the application of EU law and enthusiastic in the fulfilment of that end. Inevitably teething troubles will persist as legal systems are slow to adapt to change and generally resistant to external reform but as each year passes it is predicted that Community law will enjoy more consistent interpretation and application on the foundations of rigorous jurisprudence delivered by the European Court. Perfect uniformity may never be achieved, but then where in life is perfection possible? Effective uniformity is an achievable end, and it is submitted that EU law will in time achieve this. THE END WORD COUNT: 1132 (word count for answer only exceeded word limit to account only for the reproduction of Article 234 in full) BIBLIOGRAPHY Craig De Burca, EU law Text, Cases and Materials (Oxford University Press: 2003) Steiner Woods, Textbook on EC Law (Oxford University Press: 2003) Stephen Weatherill, Cases and Materials on EU Law, (Oxford University Press: 2004) Treaty of Rome (as amended) 1 Footnotes [1] For example in the United Kingdom distinct legal systems operate in England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. [2] Case 26/62. [3] Case 6/64. [4] Case 43/75. [5] Case 314/85. [6] C-461/03. [7] Case 283/81. [8] Formerly Article 177 EC. [9] [1974] Ch 401. [10] Case C-495/03. [11] Case 246/80.